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Comprehensive Orthodontics Program ( 40 Credit Hours )
Development of dentition - Dr. Mohamed Atteya
1- Introduction & course outline (2:12)
2-1-Gum pad Stage (4:39)
2-2-Precociously erupted primary teeth (2:12)
3-1- primary dentition stage (9:14)
3-2-Characteristics of 1ry dentition (7:12)
3-3-Criteria of ideal occlusion in primary dentition (3:25)
4-1-mixed dentition stage (2:31)
4-2-Eruption of first permanent molar- (5:35)
4-3-Exchange of incisors (3:12)
4-4-Ugly duckling Stage- (4:49)
5-permenet dentition stage (6:23)
Handout
Management of developing dentition - Dr. Ahmed Saeed
Introduction and course Outline_1 (3:54)
1- Stages of tooth development_1 (9:11)
2- Curve of growth_1 (9:33)
3- Pre-dentate stage_1 (9:04)
4- Primary dentition stage-_1 (3:28)
5- Mixed dentition_1 (2:23)
5.1 Early loss of primary teeth_1 (6:51)
6- space maintainer_1 (11:47)
7- Supernumerary Teeth_1 (11:58)
8- Hypodontia_1 (3:31)
9- Ectopic Canine_1 (6:34)
10- Primary failure of eruption_1 (3:32)
11- Thumb sucking_1 (4:55)
12- 1st permanent molar with poor prognosis_1 (6:03)
13-Retained Deciduous Teeth (3:50)
14- Impacted 1st permanent molar_1 (2:04)
15- Dilaceration_1 (2:22)
16-Ugly duckling stage_1 (2:15)
Handout
Development of Occlusion - Dr. Abdallah Sharafeldein
1-Introduction- (0:43)
2- Developmrnt Of Occclusion--1 (26:02)
3- Normal Occlussion- (11:23)
4- Normal Occlusion 2- (8:30)
Handout
Orthodontic Materials - Dr. Abdallah Sharafeldein
1- Introduction- (23:05)
2- Arch Wires- (9:26)
3- Arch Wires Classification- (2:09)
4- Stainless steel arch wires- (3:58)
5- Elgiloy wires- (4:58)
6- Nickel-Titanium wires- (10:50)
7- Ni-Ti wires 2- (3:34)
8- Titanium Molybdenum Alloy wires- (2:21)
9- Wire Comparison- (4:09)
10- Conclusion- (1:56)
Handout
Classification of malocclusion - Dr. Fady Hussien
1. Intro (1:45)
2. Triad of Gnathological system (11:24)
3. The Six Keys To Normal Occlusion (15:34)
4. Incisor Classification (11:07)
5. Functional line of occlusion (4:49)
6. Summary (1:07)
Handout
Diagnosis and clinical examination- Dr. Marwa Ahmed Keshk
Course Introduction (0:58)
Lec 1 Why do patients need orthodontics -- (2:22)
Lec 2 Patient Selection (4:15)
Lec 3 Patient’s Records (8:23)
Lec 4 Extra-Oral examination (1:57)
Lec 5 Skeletal assesment (1:43)
Lec 6 Skeletal antro-posterior assessment (3:08)
Lec 7 Skeletal vertical & transverse assessment (9:58)
Lec 8 Condylar Position (3:38)
Lec 9 Anterior functional shift (2:46)
Lec 10 Examination of the soft tissues (7:51)
Lec 11 Smile analysis (8:46)
Lec 12 Intra-Oral Examination (4:14)
Lec 13 Normal occlusion vs Malcoolusion (4:01)
Lec 14 Molar Classification (3:07)
Lec 15 canine classification (2:50)
Lec 16 Incisor classification (5:17)
Lec 17 Problem list (2:34)
Lec 18 Informed Consent (2:03)
Cases (20:07)
Handout
Orthodontic Photography - Dr. Mohamed Atteya
Introduction & outline (1:18)
1. Why Dental Photography is important? (8:33)
2. New Market Needs (6:02)
3. The Camera (13:23)
4. The Lens (11:51)
4.1 Aperature (11:42)
4.2 Macro Lenses (11:22)
5. The Sensor_1 (11:55)
5.1 Exposure modes (5:21)
5.2 Focus (6:29)
6. The Light- (17:25)
6.1 Twin Flash (10:14)
7. Recommended Cameras (11:36)
8. Accessories (16:25)
9. Settings (14:26)
Handout
Orthodontic Radiography - Dr. Mohamed Raafat
1-Introduction (1:06)
2-Overview on radiograph in orthodontics (3:08)
3-Types of radiographs (2:04)
4-Intra-oral Radiographs (5:05)
5-Extra-oral radiograph (7:25)
6-When to take radiographs (18:51)
7-1- Cephalometrics (5:44)
7-2- Cephalometric uses (4:43)
7-3-Cephalometric evaluation (14:28)
8. Downs analysis (7:51)
9. McNamara analysis (3:26)
10. Eastman analysis (8:02)
11. soft tissue analysis (1:36)
Handout
Clinical cases - Dr. Marwa Sayed
Case1 (4:32)
Case 2 (8:38)
Case 3 (6:57)
Decision Making in Orthodontics to Extract or Not- Dr. Omar Bayoumi
Introduction (1:18)
1. Dental & Skeletal Classification (4:12)
2. Cephalometric Analysis (6:01)
3. Growth Prediction & Modification (8:41)
4. Clinical Examination Notes (11:06)
5. Space Analysis Notes (12:47)
6. Case 1 (14:32)
7. Case 2 (9:01)
8. Case 3 (5:38)
Handout
management of Supernumerary Teeth - Dr. Waleed Elshehawi
1- introduction (0:44)
2- Definition and incidence Etiology (3:00)
3- Classfication and Types of Supernumeraries (10:32)
4- Management of Supernumeraries (6:18)
5- Recommendation- (3:54)
6- Retention of corrected result (2:40)
7- Cases presentation (11:03)
Handout
Dental Cast Analysis - Dr. Abdullah Ali
1.Intro (2:30)
2. Cast Analysis (2:41)
3. Classification Permanent Dentition cast analysis (15:49)
4. Mixed Dentition cast analysis (2:10)
5. Diagnostic setup (5:53)
6. Total space analysis- (6:41)
7. Space Requirements (6:46)
8. Space Creation and Space Use (3:00)
Handout
Treatment Planning in Orthodontics - Dr. Omar Yousry
intro & course outline (3:09)
Lec 1 Orthodontic treatment plan in brief (2:26)
Lec 2 Objective of orthodontics (2:43)
Lec 3 Orthodontic problem list (7:29)
Lec 4 Criteria of finished cases (tratment objectives) (6:05)
Lec 5 Orthodontic diagnosis (4:04)
Lec 6 Omar smart sheet for orthodontic treatment plan (7:12)
Lec 7 Orthodontic Treatment need- (12:14)
Lec 8 Time of Treatment (9:03)
Lec 9 Type of orthodontic treatment (8:27)
Lec 10 Preventive or interceptive (1:47)
Lec 11 Orthopedic - (3:29)
Lec 12 Orthognathic - (3:54)
Lec 13 Compromised treatment or adjunctive (4:37)
Lec 14 Extaction or not (10:38)
Lec 15 crowding (12:08)
Lec 16 Tooth size arch length relationship (6:41)
Lec 17 Over Bite (6:41)
Lec 18 midline (3:13)
Lec 19 Canine relation (4:41)
Lec 20 Appearance (6:34)
Lec 21 Common Extraction Pattern (4:59)
Lec 22 Class II division 1 (8:15)
Lec 23 Class II division 2 (3:26)
Lec 24 Class III (7:07)
Lec 25 Subdivision (5:44)
Lec 26 Common Extraction Pattern ( Summary ) (3:04)
Lec 27 Which tooth to extract- (2:55)
Lec 28 Orthontic treatment plan part 1 (Cases) - (8:58)
Lec 29 Orthontic treatment plan part 2 (Cases) (7:14)
Handout
Biomechanics - Dr. Abubakr Reda
1. Introduction_1_1 (0:47)
2. Essential Skills of Orthodontist_1_1 (1:08)
3. Biomechanics_1_1 (2:51)
4.Orthodontic forces_1_1 (1:08)
5. Magnitude of force_1_1 (8:09)
6. Duration of force_1_1 (3:56)
7. Root surface area in relation to force_1_1 (0:45)
8. Mechanics of tooth movement_2_1 (1:43)
9.1 Outline_1 (1:18)
9.2 Scalers and Vectors_1 (0:41)
9.3 Force_1 (1:45)
9.4 Resultant & components_1 (1:29)
9.5 Center of resistance_1 (4:26)
9.6 Center of rotation_1_1 (4:57)
9.7 Moments_1 (3:14)
9.8 Law of transmissibility & Point of application_1 (4:23)
9.9 Center of the mass_1 (2:51)
9.10 Couple_2 (4:29)
9.11 Moment to force ratio_2 (11:31)
10. Static equilbrium_1 (6:38)
Handout
Anchorage in Orthodontics - Dr. Abdullah Ali
0. Intro (1:23)
1. Definition & Concept (5:02)
2. Classification (19:57)
3. Factors affecting anchorage (8:29)
4. Anchorage planning (8:08)
5. Augmenting the anchorage (6:28)
6. Anchorage loss (7:06)
7. Home Message- (1:24)
Handout
Removable appliances - Dr. Ahmed Saeed
1- Course Outline_1 (0:57)
2- Indication of Removable appliance_1 (4:37)
3- Types of tooth movement_1 (6:22)
4- Mode of action of removable appliances_1 (6:20)
5-1- Removable appliance design 1-Active component_1 (11:23)
5-2- Removable appliance design 2-Retainers_1 (6:31)
5-3- Removable appliance design 3-Base plate_1 (3:08)
6- Commonly used removable appliances_1 (11:44)
Handout
Contemporary Fixed Orthodontic Appliances - Dr. Marwa Sayed
1.Intro (0:30)
2. The evolution of fixed appliances- (1:14)
3. Types of tooth movements (4:03)
4. Fixed appliance components (3:09)
5. brakets- (5:19)
6. Designs (13:12)
7. Bracket size (2:08)
8. Number of tie-wings (2:12)
9. Prescriptions Bracket Slot - Bracket Material (2:44)
10. Arch wires (2:17)
11. Auxiliaries (1:46)
12. Stages of treatment offixed appliances (7:48)
Handout
Functional appliances - Dr. Bishoy Maxwell
Introduction and outline (0:40)
History of functional appliances (3:00)
Definition of functional appliances (0:56)
Effect of functional appliances (3:25)
Classification of functional appliances (2:35)
Indications of functional appliances (4:13)
Contraindications of functional appliances (2:21)
Clark’s Twin Block (5:44)
Clinical diagnosis (3:13)
Records (2:10)
Bite registration (4:44)
Special twin block cases (5:03)
Different treatment phases (6:53)
Case presentation (3:49)
Fixed Functional Appliances (6:52)
Handout
Retention & stability - Dr.Bishoy Maxwell
1. Intro - Outline (0:45)
2. Definitions (6:10)
3. Retention (6:43)
4. Types of Retainers (3:55)
5. Removable Retainers 1 (2:51)
6. Removable Retainers 2 (4:45)
7. factors affecting duration of retention (4:16)
8. Arch form (2:14)
9. Adjunctive Techniques (4:32)
10. Summary (4:53)
Handout
Interceptive Orthodontics - Dr. Mostafa Fathy
1-Interceptive treatment in orthodontics (19:22)
2.1.General treatment modalities in orthodontics (3:07)
2.2.General treatment modalities in orthodontics (3:17)
3-Class II and class III interception (23:41)
4- Balancing and compensating extraction (16:42)
5- Interception in presence of habits (18:11)
6-Interception in crowding (11:18)
7- Early Loss of Primary Teeth (3:14)
8- Interception of impacted canines and centrals (6:16)
9- Early Treatment of Cross-bites (8:52)
10- Prophylactic extraction of 8s (4:54)
Handout
Functional Appliances - Dr. Waleed Elshehawi
1-Introduction & outline (1:35)
2-Definition, history and aims of treatment (1:02)
3-Indications and contraindications (1:44)
4-Growth prediction (10:49)
5-Mechanism of action (2:01)
6 - classification of functional appliances (1:14)
7-Types of Functional appliances in Class II (1:14)
7-1. Bionator (1:58)
7-2. Medium opening activator (2:06)
7-3 Frankel appliance (0:57)
7-4 Headgear_Sub_01 (14:28)
7-5 Fixed functional (Forsus appliance) (2:08)
7-6 Twin block (4:28)
8-How to diagnose a case suitable for functional appliances- (8:16)
9-Ideal features in case to be treated by functional appliance (2:21)
10- Step by step technique for twin block fabrication (16:42)
11-Appliance fitting and reviewing (Instructions to patients) (10:30)
12-Transitional phase to fixed appliances (7:03)
13-Case Examples (8:01)
Handout
Class III malocclusion - Dr. Waleed Elshehawi
1- intro and course outline (0:48)
2-Definition and Incidence (0:53)
3-Etiology (2:07)
4-Skeltal Factors (2:48)
5-Soft tissues factors (1:54)
6-Dento-alveolar factors (3:34)
7-Monitoring Growth- (6:04)
8-Treatment aims (2:47)
9-Interceptive treatment of class III (4:46)
10-Pseudo Class III Malocclusion (7:37)
11-Growth Modification (1:11)
12-Face Mask Therapy (7:02)
13-Face mask therapy + palatal expantion (4:40)
14-Face mask therapy (cases) (6:10)
15-Stability of face mask therapy (2:38)
16-Other functional appliances (5:42)
17-Chin cup therapy (4:01)
18-Orthodontic Camouflage (18:35)
19-Orthodontic camouflage (cases) (8:30)
20-Orthognathic surgery (9:18)
21-Stability of corrected result (3:16)
22-Retention of corrected result (3:42)
Handout
Management of Class I - Dr. Mohamed Raafat
1-Introduction & Outline (1:23)
2-Class I malocclusion classification (11:22)
3-Class I malocclusion etiology and features (2:07)
3-1-Skeletal (Ant-posterior) (8:25)
3-2-Skeletal (Vertical) (7:42)
3-3-Skeletal (Horizontal) (2:58)
4-Soft tissue in Class I malocclusion (3:16)
5-Dental factors in Class I malocclusion (15:54)
6-Environmental factors in Class I malocclusion (7:03)
7-Treatment of cross bite (3:24)
8-Treatment of open bite (5:34)
9-Treatment of Tooth number, shape,crowding & Transposition (3:59)
Handout
Class II malocclusion - Dr. Mostafa Ghoniem
Course Introduction (1:48)
Lec 1 Dunning-Kruger Effect (3:41)
Lec 2 Classification & Etiology of Class II (2:52)
Lec 3 Epidemiology (1:43)
Lec 4 Diagnosis- (1:00)
Lec 5 Clinical Examination (3:15)
Lec 6 Lateral Cephalometry ( ANB angle ) (5:24)
Lec 7 Lateral Cephalometry ( Wits Apprasial ) (2:25)
Lec 8 Lateral Cephalometry ( Harvold Unit ) (2:29)
Lec 9 Mismatch !- (2:20)
Lec 10 Treatment options for skeletal class II (2:41)
Lec 11 Growth Modification (When) (6:19)
Lec 12 Growth Modification (How) (1:38)
Lec 13 Headgear & Twinblock (1:56)
Lec 14 Clinical Case (Twin Block) (5:50)
Lec 15 Treatment Step by Step- (10:43)
Lec 16 Result after end of Phase 1 & 2 (5:55)
Lec 17 Fixed Functional & Van Beek (1:52)
Lec 18 Early VS Late Intervention (3:40)
Lec 19 Camouflage (6:52)
Lec 20 Clinical case ( Camouflage ) (12:00)
Lec 21 Mandibular repositioning (4:49)
Lec 22 Orthognathic Surgery (2:10)
Lec 23 Retention (3:43)
Lec 24 Class II Clinical Case (5:33)
Handout
Addressing the Transverse Dimensions (Cross-bite) - Dr. Mostafa Adel
1-Introduction (0:55)
2-Definition and prevelance of posterior crossbite (1:57)
3-1-Etiology (17:34)
3-2-Types of posterior crossbite (13:01)
4-Diagnosis of posterior crossbite (12:37)
5-Why to treat posterior crossbite (4:27)
6-Management of posterior crossbite (5:38)
7-Quad helix appliance in the management (11:33)
8-E- labial arch & URA - expansion screw (5:36)
9-Evidence on different appliances comparsion (4:32)
10-Fixed appliance mechanics (3:20)
11-Slow & slow rapid expansion applainces (5:06)
12-Other different types of expansion appliances (6:03)
13-Evidence of using previous appliances (6:08)
14-Rapid expansion (5:20)
15-Modern expansion appliances (3:25)
16-Surgical options (4:54)
Handout
Open Bite - Dr. Abubakr Reda
1. introduction (0:47)
2. General knowledge about open bite (9:30)
3. Etiology of open bite 3.1 Part 1 (7:35)
3.2 Part 2 (9:49)
4. Diagnosis of open Bite (4-1. Skeletal Open Bite) (9:19)
4.2 Dental Open Bite (9:42)
5- Treatment of open bite (Mixed dentition) 5.1- Habits (15:29)
5-2 Porolonged Habits Effect (13:21)
6. treatment of open bite (permanent dentition) (7:12)
7-1. Extrusive mechanics (13:12)
7-2. Extrusive mechanics (MEAW Arch) (2:52)
7-3. Extrusion mechanics (8:51)
8. posterior intrusion (11:47)
9. Retention of corrected open bite (3:27)
1. infra ocluded primary molar (6:56)
2. management of infra occlusion (11:30)
Handout
Deep Bite Management - Dr. Abubakr Reda
1-Introduction &course outline- (0:57)
2-Definition of deep bite (2:05)
3-Why deep bite should be treated - (2:31)
4-Etiology of deep bite- (5:39)
4-1-Etiology of deep bite- (3:42)
4-2Etiology of deep bite- (2:54)
5-Diagnosis (8:00)
6-Treatment of Deep bite (1:48)
7-Proclination (2:09)
8-Incisors intrusion or molar extrusion - (8:55)
9-Technique Of Molar Extrusion Treatment (1:11)
9-1Technique Of Molar Extrusion Treatment- (6:29)
9-2-Technique Of Molar Extrusion Treatment- (2:26)
9-3-Technique Of Molar Extrusion Treatment- (4:30)
10-True intrusion (3:55)
11-Biomechanical considerations (11:04)
12-Intrusive mechanics- (11:25)
12-1-Intrusive arch- (5:05)
12-2-Intrusive arch- (1:58)
12-3Intrusive mechanics Mini screws TADs (8:24)
13-Retention of corrected deep bite (2:44)
Handout
Interceptive Orthodontics - Dr. Omar Yousry
1. introduction (0:55)
2-Interciptive Orthodontics (5:43)
3-Space problems (4:54)
4-Serial extraction (11:18)
5-1-Orthopedic problems - (10:07)
5-2-Deficient maxilla- (4:22)
5-3-Open bite- (3:03)
5-4-Closed bite & Maxillay constriction- (3:57)
6-Dental and Space Problems (6:52)
7-1-Eruption problems - (16:20)
7-2-lateral Incisor - (5:53)
7-3-Canine- Potentially Impacted Canine (4:11)
7-4-Submerged E (1:53)
7-5-Ectopic 6- (9:42)
8-1-functional problems- (11:20)
8-2-Functional Shift- (2:49)
9-Summary (3:47)
Handout
Management of impaction - Dr. Mohamed Zaghloul
1-Introduction (2:16)
2-Orientation case (2:01)
3-Ectopic vs Impacted teeth (2:10)
4-Canine eruption (5:59)
5-Diagnosis of ectopia (4:22)
6-Etiology of impacted canine (3:02)
7-Risks of impacted canine (4:02)
8-Prognosis of impacted canine (9:27)
9-Exercise (1:43)
10-Treatment modalities (1:58)
11-Treatment option - Accept (3:56)
12-Treatment option - Extraction of the deciduous canine (6:15)
13-Treatment option - Surgical removal (4:19)
14-Treatment option - Steps of exposure and orthodontic alignment (5:30)
15-Step 1 - Arch alignment and space opening (1:38)
16-Step 2 - Surgical Uncovering - Attachment - Orthodontic traction (16:59)
17-Traction (7:21)
18-Management of impacted canine - case presentation (13:37)
19-Anchorage Preparation (3:31)
20-Surgical uncovering in relation to the site of impaction (3:32)
21-1- Case example -1 (6:52)
21-2- Case example -2 (15:50)
21-3- Case example -3 (2:16)
22-Lecture summary and discussion (14:33)
Handout
Extraction in orthodontics- Dr. Omar Yousry
Extraction in orthodontics ( Therapeutic extraction ) (2:57)
Serial extraction in deciduous teeth (5:07)
Moderate crowding in deciduous teeth extraction (3:29)
Severe crowding serial extraction- (5:39)
Supernumerary extraction (5:01)
Potentially Impacted Canine (4:17)
Interceptive treatment (3:57)
Extraction of badly decayed first molar (10:09)
Common Extraction Pattern (Summary) (5:06)
Which tooth to extract (8:26)
Handout
Management of Impacted / Unerupted Teeth - Dr. Mostafa Adel
1-Introduction & Outline (1:02)
2-Impaction causes (4:22)
3-When a tooth become impacted (2:53)
4-Tooth specific impactions (3:16)
5-Impacted canines Causes and Diagnosis (3:14)
5-1-Diagnosis of impacted teeth (8:04)
5-2-Radiographic assesment of impacted canine (9:33)
6-Management options for impacted canine (15:14)
7-Surgical techniques of management (13:47)
8-Eruption mechanics (8:43)
Handout
Clear Aligners - Dr. Waleed Elshehawi
1-Introduction & Course Outline (1:39)
2-What are Aligners (2:07)
3-Current aligners companies (1:54)
4-Ideal aligner material (2:38)
5- Aligner kit content (5:32)
6- Mechanism of action (3:01)
7-Aligners vs. fixed appliances (3:44)
8-Indicatios and contrainications (3:26)
9-Contraindications (6:35)
10-Step by step case submission requirements (4:59)
11-Aligner Biomechanics (3:58)
11-1-Extraoral & Intraoral Photos (3:47)
11-2-Case life cycle (11:20)
11-3-One step PVS impressions (17:37)
12-Attachements and inter-proximal reduction (IPR) (4:46)
12-1-Attachments Overview (9:02)
12-3-the Shapes of Attachments (4:44)
12-4-Attachments Placement (7:25)
12-5 -Attachments Placement errors (2:31)
12-6-Inter-proximal reduction (IPR) (18:30)
13-Monitoring and troubleshooting- (9:04)
14-How to monitor troubleshoot any problem that might occur during treatment (9:36)
14-1- Attachments & External factors (6:21)
14-2- Aligner mishaps & Difficult movements (4:16)
14-3- Non-tracking laterals & Tissue impingement (5:04)
14-4-Root Position & Lateral Openbite at the end (3:08)
15-Retention of corrected result (4:25)
16-Case Example- Class 1 crowding (3:01)
16-1-Case Example-Class11-1 (3:10)
16-2-Case Example-Class11-2 (5:10)
Handout
Clinical problems in orthodontics - Dr. Fady Hussien
1. Clinical Problems ( Root Resorbtion) (15:12)
2. Big Diastema (5:31)
3. Wisdom teeth (12:04)
4. Anchroge (5:45)
Ortho-Perio and Perio-Ortho Relationship - Dr.Nada Zazou
1. Intro-Outline-1 (0:43)
2.1 What Can Ortho Do To Me---2 (3:58)
2.2 Single Anterior Cross Bites , Severe Deep Bites, Crowding And Proclination-3 (3:52)
2.3 Occlusal Trauma, Up Righting, Extrusion & Tooth Movement Into The Defect-4 (8:45)
2.4 Intrusion-5 (3:49)
3. Time Realationship Between Orthodontic And Periodontal Therapy --6 (2:10)
4.1 What Can Perio Do To You--7 (4:39)
4.2 Crown Exposure-8 (5:22)
4.3 Ortho-Perio Biggest Nightmare-9 (6:32)
4.4 Accelerated Tooth Movement And High Frenum-10 (4:39)
4.5 Papilla-11 (2:05)
Handout
Clear Aligners - Dr.Hesham Amer
00- Intro & Course Skeleton_hesham amer (1:11)
01- Introduction (4:47)
02- Clear Aligners Uses & History (8:39)
03- Aligners Progress (5:30)
04- How to convince the patient of clear aligners (3:46)
05- Aligners advantages (5:49)
lec 6 Disadvantages & Records Needed (7:13)
lec 7 Attachments & Ipr (8:08)
lec 8 Simple Cases Treated With Invisalign (7:40)
09- Complex cases treated with Invisalign and some failures (4:03)
lec 10 Case Selection (4:10)
Handout
Methods of Gaining Spaces in Orthodontics- Dr. Mohamed Raafat
1-Introduction (1:34)
2-Why we need spaces (4:01)
3-How can we get spaces (9:33)
4-Inter-proximal stripping IPR (11:04)
5-Expansion appliances (3:57)
6-Molar Distalization (6:27)
7-Proclination of Anterior Teeth (5:39)
8-Extraction (18:26)
9-Molar uprighting (1:57)
10-Summary (1:34)
Handout
2- Definition and incidence Etiology
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